East Carolina University
Department of Psychology


Readings for Students in Graduate Statistics


    All of these articles are available in electronic format, some via a hot link and others within Canvas.  I have provided the issue number for those for which I find it helpful in locating the article online.


Howell Chapters 1 and 2, The Basics

  1. Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Millsap, R. E.  (2008).  Doctoral training in statistics, measurement, and methodology in psychology.  American Psychologist, 63, 32-50.  doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.1.32  Available within Canvas.

  2. DeCarlo, L. T. (1997). On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2, 292-307.  Available within Canvas.

  3. Gaito, J. (1980). Measurement scales and statistics: Resurgence of an old misconception. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 564-567.  Available within Canvas.

  4. Wuensch, K. L.  (2005).  Kurtosis.  In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp. 1028 - 1029).  Chichester, UK:  Wiley. Available within Canvas.

  5. Wuensch, K. L.  (2005).  Scales of measurement.  In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp. 1785 - 1787).  Chichester, UK:  Wiley  Available within Canvas.

  6. Wuensch, K. L.  (2005).  Skewness.  In B. S. Everitt & D. C. Howell (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral science (pp. 1855 - 1856).  Chichester, UK:  Wiley.  Available within Canvas.

Research Design and Related Issues

  1. Bohannon, J.  (2013).  Who’s Afraid of Peer Review?  Science, 342, 60-65.

  2. Rodent's Defense Against Tobacco Smoke --  Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapter 4, Basics of Inferential Statistics

  1. Cowles, M., & Davis, C. (1982). On the origins of the .05 level of statistical significance. American Psychologist, 37, 553-558.  Available within Canvas.

  2. Science News.  (2011).  Odds Are, It's Wrong.

  3. Wainer, H.  (2007).  The most dangerous equation.  American Scientist, 95, 249-256.  Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapter 7, Student's t

Robustness, Ignorant Experts, and the Psychology of Publication

  1. Anonymous.  (2000).  A letter from the frustrated author of a journal paper.  The Journal of Systems and Software, 54, 1.   Available within Canvas.

  2. Bradley, J. V. (1982). The insidious L-shaped distribution. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 20, 85-88.    Available within Canvas.

  3. Bradley, J. V. (1984). The complexity of nonrobustness effects. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 250-253.    Available within Canvas.

  4. Bradley, J. V. (1981). Overconfidence in ignorant experts. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 17, 82-84.    Available within Canvas.

  5. Bradley, J. V. (1981). Pernicious publication practices. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 18, 31-34.    Available within Canvas.

  6. Bradley, J. V. (1982). Editorial overkill. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 19, 271-274.    Available within Canvas.

  7. Bradley, J. V. (1984). Antinonrobustness: A case study in the sociology of science. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22, 463-466.    Available within Canvas.

  8. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D.  (1999).  Unskilled and unaware of it:  How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121-1134.    Available within Canvas.

  9. Nuitjen, M. B., Hartgerink, C. H. J, van Assen, C. H. J. M., Epskamp, S., & Wicherts, J. M.  (2015.)  The prevalence of statistical reporting errors in psychology (1985–2013).  Behavior Research Methods, doi 10.3758/s13428-015-0664-2  Just scan this article.

  10. Online Discussion of Ignorant Experts.

  11. Black, S., & Wuensch, K. L. (2003). Two Case Studies in the Ethics of Scientific Publication.

  12. Wuensch, K. L.  (2010).  Expert Reviewers.

Meta Analysis and Effect Size

  1. Coulson, M., Healey, M., Fidler, F., & Cumming, G.  (2010).  Confidence intervals permit, but don't guarantee, better inference than statistical significance testing.  Frontiers in Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, 1:26. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00026

  2. Del Giudice, M.  (2012).  The distance between Mars and Venus: Measuring global sex differences in personality. PLoS ONE, 7, e29265.

  3. Rosenthal, R. (1990). How are we doing in soft psychology? American Psychologist, 45, 775-777.  Available within Canvas. <Physicians' Aspirin Study>

Howell Chapter 8, Power

  1. Aberson, C.  (2002).  Interpreting null results:  Improving presentation and conclusions with confidence intervalsJournal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis, 1, 36-42.

  2. Bishop, D. (2019). Rein in the four horsemen of irreproducibility. Nature, 568, 435.  Available within Canvas.

  3. Hasley, L. G.  (2019).  The reign of the p-value is over: what alternative analyses could we employ to fill the power vacuum?  Biology Letters, 15. doi 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0174
    http://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0174

  4. Hoenig, J. M., & Heisey, D. M.  (2001). The abuse of power:  The pervasive fallacy of power calculations for data analysis.  The American Statistician, 55, 19-24.   Available within Canvas.

  5. Nuzio, R. (2014).  Statistical errorsNature, 506, 150-152.

  6. Open Science Collaboration.  (2015).  Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.  Science, 349, doi: 10.1126/science.aac4716

  7. Tachibana, T. (1980). Persistent erroneous interpretation of negative data and assessment of statistical power. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 51, 37-38.  Available within Canvas.

  8. Wilkinson, L., & Task Force on Statistical Inference. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54, 594-604. Read a summary of this articleAvailable within Canvas.

  9. Wuensch, K. L. (1994). Evaluating the relative seriousness of type I versus type II errors in classical hypothesis testing. In B. Brown (Ed.), Disseminations of the International Statistical Applications Institute: Vol 1 (3rd ed., pp. 76-79). Wichita, KS: ACG Press. Available at http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/StatHelp/Type-I-II-Errors.htm.

  10. Wuensch, K. L. (1987). Frequency of type I errors in professional journals. Unpublished manuscript available at http://core.ecu.edu/psyc/wuenschk/StatHelp/Type1.htm.

Howell Chapter 9, Bivariate Correlation and Regression

  1. MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7, 19-40.  Available within Canvas.

  2. Wuensch, K. L. et al.  Dichotomizing Continuous Variables: A Bad Idea.

Howell Chapter 11, One-Way ANOVA

  1. Erceg-Hurn, D. M., & Mirosevich, V. M. (2008). Modern robust statistical methods: An easy way to maximize the accuracy and power of your research. American Psychologist, 63, 591–601. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.591  Available within Canvas.

  2. Wilcox, R. R., Charlin, V. L., & Thompson, K. L. (1986). New Monte Carlo results on the robustness of the ANOVA F, W and F* statistics. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 15, 933-943. doi: 10.1080/03610918608812553  Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapter 12, Multiple Comparisons Among Means

  1. Perneger, T. V.  (1998).  What's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments.  BMJ, 316, 1236-1238.  Available within Canvas.

  2. Ryan, T. A. (1959). Comments on orthogonal components. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 394-396.  Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapters 13 & 16, Factorial ANOVA

  1. Bickel, P. J., Hammel, E. A., & O'Connell, J. W.  (1975).  Sex bias in graduate admissions:  Data from Berkeley.  Science, 187, 398-404.  Available within Canvas. -- example of a reversal paradox.

  2. Howell, D. C. & McConaughy, S. H. (1982). Nonorthogonal analysis of variance: Putting the question before the answer. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 42, 9-24. -- Least Squares ANOVA.    Available within Canvas.

  3. Johnson, B. G., & Beck, H. P. (1988). Strict and lenient grading scales: How do they affect the performance of college students with high and low SAT scores? Teaching of Psychology, 15, 127-131. ( Example of factorial ANOVA) Available within Canvas.

  4. Messic, D. M. & van de Geer, J. P. (1981). A reversal paradox. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 582-593.  Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapter 17, Multidimensional Contingency Tables

  1. Meyers, A. W., Stunkard, A. J., Coll, M., & Cooke, C. J. (1980). Stairs, escalators, and obesity. Behavior Modification, 4, 355-359. (Source of the data used in the document Three-Way Nonhierarchical Log-Linear Analysis: Escalators and Obesity)Available within Canvas.

Howell Chapter 18, Nonparametrics

  1. Divine, G. W. Divine, Norton, H. J., Barón, A. E., & Juarez-Colunga, E.  (2018) The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney procedure fails as a test of medians, The American Statistician, 72, 278-286. doi: 10.1080/00031305.2017.1305291  Available within Canvas.

  2. Lamb, G. S. (1984). What you always wanted to know about six but were afraid to ask. Journal of Irreproducible Results, 29(3), 18-20. Available within Canvas.

  3. Newcombe, R. G. (2006a). Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann–Whitney statistic. Part 1: General issues and tail-area-based methods. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 559 – 573.  Available within Canvas.

  4. Newcombe, R. G. (2006b). Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann–Whitney statistic. Part 2: Asymptotic methods and evaluation. Statistics in Medicine25, 559 – 573.  Available within Canvas.

  5. Wuensch, K. L., & Cooper, A. J. (1981). Preweaning paternal presence and later aggressiveness in male Mus musculus. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 32, 510-515. (Example of nonparametric analysis)

Introduction to Multivariate Statistics

  1. Abbott, E. A.  (1884).  Flatland: A romance of many dimensions.  Available at github.  Also see Wikipedia.

  2. Aziz, S., & Zickar,  M. J.  (2006).  A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 52-62.  (Example of cluster analysis).  Available within Canvas.

  3. Chia, R. C., Wuensch, K. L., Childers, J., Chuang, C., Cheng, B., Cesar-Romero, J., & Nava, S. (1994). A comparison of family values among Chinese, Mexican, and American college students. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 249-258. (Example of principal components analysis)

  4. Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). No pain, no gain? The importance of measuring course workload in student ratings of instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 743-751.  (Example of structural equation modeling).   Available within Canvas.

  5. Hodson, G., & Busseri, M. A.  (2012).  Bright minds and dark attitudes: Lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice through right-wing ideology and low intergroup contact Psychological Science, 23, 187-195. doi: 10.1177/0956797611421206.  Supplemental Figures.  (Example of path analysis)

  6. McCammon, S., Golden, J., & Wuensch, K. L. (1988). Predicting course performance in freshman and sophomore physics courses: Women are more predictable then men. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25, 501-510. (Example of multiple correlation/regression)

  7. Moore, C. H., Wuensch, K. L., Hedges, R. M., & Castellow, W. A. (1994). The effects of physical attractiveness and social desirability on judgments regarding a sexual harassment case. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 715-730. (Example of log-linear analysis of multidimensional contingency table)

  8. Patel, S., Long, T. E., McCammon, S. L., & Wuensch, K. L. (1995). Personality and emotional correlates of self-reported antigay behaviors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 354-366. (Example of canonical correlation/regression)

  9. Poulson, R. L., Braithwaite, R. L., Brondino, M. J., & Wuensch, K. L. (1997). Mock jurors' insanity defense verdict selections: The role of evidence, attitudes, and verdict options. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 743-758.   (Example of discriminant function analysis)

  10. Rowan, B., Raudenbush, S. W., & Kang, S. J.  (1991).  Organizational design in high schools: A multilevel analysis.  American Journal of Education, 99, 238-266.  (Example of Hierarchical Linear Modeling)  Available within Canvas.

  11. Wuensch, K. L. (1992). Fostering house mice onto rats and deer mice: Effects on response to species odors. Animal Learning and Behavior, 20, 253-258. (Example of doubly multivariate repeated measures ANOVA)

  12. Wuensch, K. L., Chia, R. C., Castellow, W. A., Chuang, C.-J., & Cheng, B.-S. (1993). Effects of physical attractiveness, sex, and type of crime on mock juror decisions: A replication with Chinese students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24, 414-427. (Example of MANOVA).  

  13. Wuensch, K. L., & Poteat, G. M. (1998). Evaluating the morality of animal research: Effects of ethical ideology, gender, and purpose. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 139-150.  (Example of logistic regression and ANCOV)

Multiple Regression

  1. Disabato, D.  (2017).  On effect sizes in multiple regression.  http://www.daviddisabato.com/blog/2016/4/8/on-effect-sizes-in-multiple-regression

  2. Garcia, D. M., Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Ellemers, N. (2010). Women's reactions to ingroup members who protest discriminatory treatment: The importance of beliefs about inequality and response appropriateness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 733-745.  (Example of Conditional Process Analysis, aka Moderated Mediation)  Available within Canvas.

  3. Hodson , G., & Busseri, M. A.  (2012).  Bright minds and dark attitudes : Lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice through Rrght-wing ideology and low intergroup contact.  Psychological Science, 23, 187 - 195.  doi: 10.1177/0956797611421206.  (Example of mediation analysis.  Cross-sectional data).  Available within Canvas.

  4. MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D.  (2002).  On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables.  Psychological Methods, 7, 19-40.  Available within Canvas.

  5. Poteat, G. M., Wuensch, K. L., & Gregg, N. B. (1988). An investigation of differential prediction with the WISC-R. Journal of School Psychology, 26, 59-68.  (Example of Potthoff analysis).

  6. Smith, R. L., Ager, J. W., Jr., & Williams, D. L.  (1992).  Suppressor variables in multiple regression/correlation.  Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 17-29.  Available within Canvas.

  7. Thompson, B.  (1995).  Stepwise regression and stepwise discriminant analysis need not apply here:  A guidelines editorial.  Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55:  525-534.  Available within Canvas.

  8. Wuensch, K. L., & Poteat, G. M. (1998). Evaluating the morality of animal research: Effects of ethical ideology, gender, and purpose. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 139-150.  (Example of logistic regression)

  9. Zientek, L. R. & Thompson, B. (2006). Commonality analysis: Partitioning variance to facilitate better understanding of data. Journal of Early Intervention, 28, 299-307.  Available within Canvas.

Mediation and Moderation Analysis

  1. Dalal, D. K., & Zickar, M. J.  (2012).  Some common myths about centering predictor variables in moderated multiple regression and polynomial regression.  Organizational Research Methods,
    15(3), 339-362.  doi 10.1177/1094428111430540  Available within Canvas.

  2. Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (under review, 2016).  Regression-Based Statistical Mediation and Moderation Analysis in Clinical Research:
    Observations, Recommendations, and Implementation.  Invited submission to Behaviour Research and Therapy, in review. Available within Canvas.

  3. MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000).  Equivalence of the mediation, confounding, and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1, 173–181.  Available within Canvas.

  4. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M,, West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods
    to test mediation and other intervening variable effects.  Psychological Methods, 7, 83–104.  Available within Canvas.

  5. Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies:  New procedures and recommendations, Psychological Bulletin, 7, 422-445.  Available within Canvas.

  6. Hodson , G., & Busseri, M. A.  (2012).  Bright minds and dark attitudes : Lower cognitive ability predicts greater prejudice through right-wing ideology and low intergroup contact.  Psychological Science, 23, 187 - 195.  doi: 10.1177/0956797611421206.  (Example of mediation analysis.  Cross-sectional data).  Available within Canvas.

  7. Whittman, M., Arce, E., & Santisteban, C.  (2008).  How impulsiveness, trait anger, and extracurricular activities might affect aggression in school children.  Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 618-623. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.001  Available within Canvas.

 

Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis

  1. Dabbs, J. M., Jr., & Ruback, R. B. (1988). Saliva testosterone and personality of male college students. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 26, 244-247. (Example of factor analysis)  Available within Canvas.

  2. Davis, M. A., Anderson, M. G., & Curtis, M. B.  (2001).  Measuring ethical ideology in business ethics: A critical analysis of the Ethics Position
    Questionnaire.  Journal of Business Ethics, 32,  35-53.  (Example of Confirmatory Factor Analysis)  Available within Canvas.

  3. Forsyth, D.R.  (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 175-184.  (Example of Exploratory Factor Analysis)  Available within Canvas.

  4. Ossenkopp, K.-P., & Mazmanian, D. S. (1985). Some behavioral factors related to the effects of cold-restraint stress in rats: A factor analytic-multiple regression approach. Physiology and Behavior, 34, 935-941. (Example of principal components analysis).  Available within Canvas.

  5. Redfern, K., & Crawford, J.  (2004).  An empirical investigation of the ethics position questionnaire in the People's Republic of China.  Journal of Business Ethics, 50, 199-210.   (Example of Exploratory Factor Analysis)  Available within Canvas.

  6. Shen, L.,  Condit, C. M., & Wright, L.  (2009).  The psychometric property and validation of a fatalism scale.  Psychology and Health, 24, 597–613.  doi: 10.1080/08870440801902535  (Example of Confirmatory Factor Analysis)  Available within Canvas.

  7. Wuensch, K. L. (2001). Review of Article on Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis.

MANOVA/DFA

  1. Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., & Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 5, 547-562. (Example of MANOVA and logit analysis)

  2. Harris, C. R. (2000). Psychophysiological responses to imagined infidelity: The specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1082-1091. (This article serves as an example of use of MANOVA as well as use of power analysis, confidence intervals, and appropriate use of the first person in scientific writing.)  Available within Canvas.

  3. Huberty, C. J., & Barton, R. M. (1989). An introduction to discriminant analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 22, 158-168.  Available within Canvas.

  4. Huberty, C. J., & Morris, J. D. (1989). Multivariate analysis versus univariate analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 302-308.  Available within Canvas.

  5. Poulson, R. L., Braithwaite, R. L., Brondino, M. J., & Wuensch, K. L. (1997). Mock jurors' insanity defense verdict selections: The role of evidence, attitudes, and verdict options. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 743-758.   (Example of Discriminant Function Analysis)

Path Analysis

  1. Ingram, K. L., Cope, J. G., Harju, B. L., & Wuensch, K. L. (2000). Applying to graduate school: A test of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15, 215-226.  (Example of path analysis)

  2. Keith, T. Z., Pottebaum, S. M., & Eberhart, S. (1986). Effects of self-concept and locus of control on academic achievement: A large sample path analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 4, 61-72.  Available within Canvas.

  3. Keith, T. Z., Reimers, T. M., Fehrmann, P. G., Pottebaum, S. M., & Aubey, L. W. (1986). Parental involvement, homework, and TV time: Direct and indirect effects on high school achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 373-380.  Available within Canvas.

  4. Keith, T. Z., Harrison, P. L., & Ehly, S. W. (1987). Effects of adaptive behavior on achievement: Path analysis of a national sample. Professional School Psychology, 2, 205-215.  Available within Canvas

  5. Keith, T. Z. (1988). Path analysis: An introduction for school psychologists. School Psychology Review, 17, 343-362.   Available within Canvas.

  6. Keith, T. Z. (1988). Using path analysis to test the importance of manipulable influences on school learning. School Psychology Review, 17, 637-643. Available within Canvas.

Hierarchical (Multilevel) Linear Modeling

  1. Singer, J. D.  (1998).  Using SAS PROC MIXED to fit multilevel models, hierarchical models, and individual growth models.  Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 24, 323-355.   Available within Canvas.

snake on a stick

 

spider in web
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Dr. Karl L. Wuensch


This page most recently revised on 17-March-2021