A. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) Guofu "Father of the Nation"

  1. born near Macao

  2. Honolulu (13), attended Anglican School

  3. 1883 Hong Kong education, medical degree in 1892

  4. 1895 "Revive China Society"

  5. Fled to Japan

  6. 1905 founded Tongmenghui "Revolutionary Alliance"

  7. Minbao (People's Daily) founded

  8. Three Principles of the People (Sanmin zhuyi)

   a. Nationalism--anti-Manchu

   b. Democracy--equality, rights, constitution

   c. People's Livelihood

 B. Other Revolutionaries

  1. Zou Rong--Revolutionary Army (Geming zhun; 1903)

   a. overthrow Manchu regime

   b. establish republic modelled after U.S.

   c. died in prison, aged 20

  2. Qiu Jin (1879-1907) Female Revolutionary

   a. 1904 (in Japan) joined Tongmenghui

   b. 1907 executed for plotting armed uprising

 A. Prince Chun--father of Puyi--ordered Yuan Shikai to retire

 B. Cixi's Constitutional Schedule followed

 C. Qing Nationalization of All Railroads

  1. Provincial Railroads to halt Foreign Rail Monopolies

  2. Qing borrowed from Brit., France, Germ., U.S.

   a. Hankou to Guangzhou & Hankou to Sichuan lines

   b. Han Chinese saw this as a sellout to foreigners

 D. Wuhan Spark

  1. Wuhan=cities of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang

  2. Qing New Army sympathetic to Tongmenghui

  3. 1911 October 10 (10/10) accidental explosion

  4. Manchu officials fled; revolutionary support swelled

  5. Nationwide provinced declared independence of Qing

 E. Prince Chun named Yuan Shikai Prime Minister

  1. first demanded amnesty for all revolutionaries

  2. Qing legal recognition of Tongmenghui

  3. opening of parliament in 1912

 F. Sun Yatsen returned to China Dec. 25, 1911

  1. elected president of provisional government

  2. Jan. 1, 1912 Sun took presidential oath

  3. Sun Yatsen-Yuan Shikai Deal

  4. Feb. 12 Puyi resigned; Feb. 15 Yuan Pres. of Republic

 G. Yuan's Betrayal of the Revolution

  1. Tongmenghui reorganized as Guomindang

   a. Guo Min Dang=Kuo Min Tang=KMT

   b. "Nationalist Party"

  2. Beijing made the capital; KMT preferred Nanjing

  3. KMT weakened presidency, strengthened cabinet

  4. Song Jiaoren (1882-1913) KMT leader assassinated

  5. $125 mill. loan from Brit, Fran, Germ, Russia, Japan

   a. parliamentary approval not requested

   b. compared to Qing loan from foreigners

  6. Yuan's Termination of the Republic

   a. Nov. 1913 KMT dissolved, many arrested

   b. May 1914 Constitutional Compact promulgated

   c. Dec. 1914 Yuan's presidency extended for life

   d. Dec. 1915 Yuan proclaimed Emperor of China

 H. The May Fourth Movement

  1. Anti-Japan Sentiment

   a. WWI Japan attacks Germany in China

   b. Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902

   c. May 7, 1915 "Day of National Humiliation" -- Japan's 21 Demands

    i. Group I Germ. rights in Shandong to Japan

    ii. Group II--rights in southern Manchuria

    iii. Group III--joint iron and steel industry

    iv. Group IV--nonalienation of coastal areas

    v. Group V--Japanese advisors in govt, etc.

  2. New Culture Movement

   a. Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) founded New Youth

    i. Dean of College of Letters, Beijing Univ.

    ii. later cofounded Chin. Communist Party

   b. Hu Shi (1891-1962)---baihua "vernacular"

   c. Lu Xun (1881-1936) "Diary of a Madman"

  3. May Fourth Incident

   a. Versailles gave Japan Germany's Shandong areas

   b. Japanese call for racial equality clause in League's Charter rejected

   c. Beijing Univ. students protest Versailles--May 4, 1919

  3. May 1919 New Youth issued devoted to Marxism

   a. Li Dazhao (1889-1927) edited it

   b. Russian Revolution made Bolshevism appealing