A. Ancient (josei) characterized by kuge "aristocratic" dominance

         1. Introduction of Buddhism/Taika through Heian period

          2. some conclude the ancient period in 967, with growth of shoen

    B. Medieval distinctively buke "samurai" age

          1. Three bakufu (samurai regimes)

               a. Kamakura (1185-1333)

               b. Ashikaga/Muromachi (1138-1573)

               c. Tokugawa/Edo (1600-1868) 

           2. "Early Modern" (Kinsei) begins with Tokugawa

II. The Kamakura Bakufu

    A. Beginnings

         1. Hogen Disturbance (1156)

          2. Heiji Disturbance (1160)

          3. Gempei War (1180-85)

               a. Genji (Minamoto) led by Yoritomo (1147-99)

               b. Heike (Taira) led by Kiyomori (1118-81)

               c. Battle of Dan-no-ura (1185)

       B. Yoritomo's Power

            1. 1185 Chief of Military Police
                          Chief of Military Governors
                          Chief of Land Stewards

             2. 1192 Shogun

             3. Based in Kamakura, not Kyoto

       C. The Hojo Regency

             1. Yoritomo died in 1199

             2. Hojo Masako (1157-1225) his widow

                 a. Minamoto Yoriie (1182-1204), the 2nd shogun

                      i. Hojo regent named for him

                      ii. Yoriie later exiled, murdered

                  b. Minamoto Sanetomo (1192-1219)

                      i. named 3rd shogun

                      ii. assassinated by his nephew, Yoriie's son, at Hachiman Shrine

               3. 1219-1333 Hojo ruled through Shogunal "Council of State" 

               4. Joei Shikimoku (1232) promulgated

         D. Logic and Structure of the Kamakura Bakufu

              1. Bakufu a unique adaptation of the Chinese imperial system

                   a. tenno remained sovereign, theoretically

                   b. shogunal authority derived from imperial appointment

                   c. Kamakura nominally deferred to imperial commands

                   d. real power resided in Kamakura

                   e. Jokyu Disturbance (1221) established practical power of the shogun

                        i. Emperor Go-Toba attempted to reign in samurai power

                        ii. failure resulted in further subordination of aristocracy

              2. jito "land stewards"

                  a. supervised shoen, collecting income

                  b. appointed nation-wide after Jokyu Disturbance

               3. shugo "provincial military governors"

                   a. became military powerbrokers in later centuries

                   b. daimyo "regional military lords" emerge from them

                4. tandai "shogunal deputies" controlled aristocracy

                5. gokenin "direct vassals of the shogun"

                6. kenin "vassals of gokenin" (subinfeudation)

          E. Mongol Invasions

              1. Yuan (1279-1368) conquered Song dynasty (967-1279)

               2. Chingghis Khan's work completed by son Khubilai Khan

                   a. Japanese tribute requested in 1266

                   b. First invasion (1274) 30,000 troops

                   c. Second invasion (1281) 140,000 troops

                   d. kamikaze "divine wind"

               3. Problem of rewarding vassals

III. The Ashikaga Bakufu

     A. Kenmu Restoration (1333-36)

          1. Go-Daigo's Early Plots

               a. Shuchu Conspiracy

               b. Genko Conspiracy---exile to Oki Islands

           2. 1333 Prince Morinaga called for "loyalists"

                a. Kamakura regime branded "traitorous"

                b. Support for imperial cause requested 

           3. Ashikaga Takauji (1305-58) & Nitta Yoshisada (1301-38) 

                a. Kamakura vassals sent to Kyoto to quash rebellion

                b. Yoshisada sent back to Kamakura to destroy bakufu

                c. Takauji secured Kyoto, but not appointed shogun

                     i. Go-Daigo named Prince Morinaga shogun

                     ii. Takauji drove Go-Daigo into exile in Yoshino Mts.

                     iii. Emperor Komyo placed on throne

                     iv. Kusunoki Masashige's "heroic loyalism"

                d. Period of Northern and Southern Courts (Nambokucho)

      B. The Structure of Ashikaga Power

           1. Kyoto-based bakufu---ritsuryo state all but defunct

            2. Shugo emerge as Kyoto-based powerbrokers

                 a. jito authority dissipates

                 b. "vice-shugo" (shugo-dai) dominate countryside

                 c. "vice-shugo" later emerge as "lords of the warring states" (sengoku daimyo)

                 d. gekokujo "rampant treachery" (literally, lower elements overthrow superiors)

             3. tandai appointed to govern Kyushu, Kanto

        C. Major Shogunal Regimes

             1. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1408) 3rd shogun

                  a. resolution of the Northern & Southern Imperial division

                      i. Go-Daigo's forces persuaded to return

                      ii. Southern line disappears

                  b. 1397 "Golden Pavilion" (Kinkakuji) built

                       i. "Northern Mountain" (Kitayama) culture

                       ii. tea ceremony, No drama, linked verse (renga)

                   c. Trade with Ming (1368-1644) dynasty China

                        i. Japan exported horses, swords, fans, gold screens

                        ii. China exported silver, copper coins, silk

                        iii. between 1404 and 1547, 87 tribute ships sent

              2. Ashikaga Yoshimasa (r. 1443-73)

                   a. Silver Pavilion (Ginkakuji) & Higashiyama Culture 

                   b. Onin War (1467-77) Shogunal succession dispute

                        i. most of Kyoto destroyed

                        ii. fighting continued in countryside

         D. Warring States Period (1477-1588)

               1. shoen, imperial provinces, shugo authority disappear

                2. extreme gekokujo

                3. self-made daimyo rise to military power

                4. huge armies, fortified castles, regional domains appear