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IV. Meiji Intellectual Life 

      A. Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)

               promoter of Western learning

          1. Gakumon no susume

          2. Bunmeiron no gairyaku

          3. Jiji shinpo

          4. Keio University

B. 1872 Universal School System/Monbusho created 

     1. Prussian, French, American, and Confucian influences
 
     2. By 1880, as many primary schools as exist today 

     3. By 1900, 98% of elementary school age children in school 

     4. Male education emphasized, especially beyond elementary
 
C. Imperial Universities established 

D. Imperial Rescript on Education
         ---emphasized "traditional" values

                      Redefining Political Ideals and Order: 
    The People's Rights Movement and the Meiji Constitution

I. The People's Rights Movement

         A. American, British, and French Theories

              1. American Revolutionary Rhetoric
                      and the 1789 Constitution

              2. Britain: John Locke's Two Treatises

              3. Rousseau's Social Contract

B. Disgruntled ex-samurai

    1. Satsuma Rebellion

         a. Korean question

          b. Saigo Takamori

    2. Tosa: Itagaki Taisuke (1837-1919)

          a. 1874 Petitioned for an elected
                       representative body

          b. later founded the Liberal Party (Jiyuto)

    3. Saga (Kyushu): Okuma Shigenobu (1838-1922)

         a. Okuma founded the Progressive Party

         b. later founded Waseda University

         c. 1880 Association for the Establishment
             of a  National Assembly

C. Draft Constitutions from hinterland elements

II. Response of the Meiji Regime

    A. Imperial Rescript of 1881

    B. Opinions of the Oligarchs: Prussian Constitutionalism

         1. Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)

         2. Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)

     C. 1884 New System of Peers Created

D. 1885 Cabinet System instituted

     1. Ito Hirobumi the first prime minister

     2. four ministers from Choshu, Satsuma

E. Privy Council created to review constitution

F. Imperial Household Ministry created
         to manage imperial family

III. The Meiji Constitution of 1889

     A. Promulgated Feb. 11, 1889 as a "gift"

     B. Provisions regarding the emperor

        1. defined as sacred, inviolable

        2. descended from "unbroken, eternal line"

        3. described as "the locus of sovereignty"

        4. calls, closes, prorogues, & dissolves the Diet

     5. legislative power, with Diet consent

     6. supreme commander of army & navy

          a. declares war

          b. makes peace, treaties

C. Subject/Citizens: Duties emphasized

D. Bicameral Diet

    1. House of Peers-imperial family, those granted titles

    2. House of Representatives (Commons)—
                    elected by enfranchised