A. Chinese Origins: Tang dynasty (618-906) Chan Buddhism

        1. Bodhidharma (Jpn: Daruma) supposedly the transmitter to China

             a. prolonged meditation in caves---transmission to Huiko

             b. "Chan" the Chinese expression of Sanskrit dhyana

                  i. Yogic practices mixed with Daoist themes

                  ii. transmission from "mind to mind"

             c. Shakyamuni Buddha's meditation under a bodhi tree

             d. Mahayana formulation addressed to humanity at large

                 i. "see human nature" (kensho)

                 ii. "become a Buddha" (jobutsu)

                 iii. "attain enlightenment" (satori)

               e. zuochan (Jpn: zazen) = "sitting in meditation"

        2. Huineng (638-713) the sixth patriarch

             a. Earlier divisions: Northern and Southern Schools              

                 i. Northern: gradual enlightenment

                 ii. Southern: sudden enlightenment (Hui Neng's view)

              b. Later divisions: Linji (Rinzai) & Caodong (Soto)

                  i. Linji emphasized shouts, blows, gongan (Jpn: koan)

                  ii. Caodong focused on "silent illumination"

          3. Post-Tang popularity in China

              a. Chan distinctively Chinese form of Buddhism

              b. mid-9th century Imperial persecution of Buddhism

                  i. institutional varieties severely hurt

                  ii. Chan and Pure Land teachings survived 

     B. Japanese Origins

          1. Introduced in Nara period (710-84)

          2. Eisai (1141-1215) and Japanese Rinzai Zen

              a. Tendai monk, travelled to Song China

                 i. encountered popular Chan practices

                 ii. exiled from Heian in 1191

                 iii. supposedly attempted to found independent Zen school

              b. authored Propagation of Zen for the Protection of the Nation
                                                             (Kozen gokoku ron)

              c. Tea Drinking for Cultivation of Life (Kisa yojo ki)

           3. Gozan "Five Mountain" system of patronage/organization started

                 a. Kamakura and Kyoto the centers: five major Rinzai temples in each

                 b. Daitokuji and Myoshinji outside the gozan network

                      i. by sixteenth century, gozan network declined

                      ii. Daitokuji & Myoshinji emerged as vital forces

                  c. Emigre monks fleeing Mongol, later Manchu dynasties

             4. Dogen (1200-1253) & Japanese Soto Zen

                  a. descendant of Emperor Murakami (r. 946-67)

                  b. ordained at Mt. Hiei in 1213, studied at Kenninji

                  c. traveled to China in 1221, studied Caodong Chan

                  d. shikan zazen "stopping thoughts via exclusive zazen"

                   e. Significance of the True Dharma for the Protection of the Nation
                                          (Gokoku shobogi)

II. Nichiren (1222-82) Hoke "Lotus" Buddhism

    a. born in Awa (Chiba) province, studied Tendai

     b. advocated daimoku practice: namu myoho rengekyo

     c. 1260 Establishing Orthodoxy to Secure the State
                          (Rissho ankoku ron)

           i. nembutsu leads to hell

           ii. Zen men are devils

           iii. Shingon ruins the nation

           iv. Ritsu monks are traitors

       d. exiled twice, but seemed prophetic with Mongol invasions