A. Kamakura Bakufu (1185-1333)
1. Minamoto Yoritomo (1147-1199) first hereditary shogun
2. Kamakura regime later led by Hojo regents
3. Samurai power extended via ad hoc appointed offices (jito and shugo)
4. Joei Code of 1232 explained samurai law
5. Mongol Invasions (1274 &1281) both thwarted by "divine wind" (kamikaze)
6. Go-daigo's Kenmu Restoration ends Kamakura Regime
B. Kamakura Religion, Philosophy, and Literature
1. Amida Buddha and Pure Land (Jodo) Buddhism
a. nembutsu = namu Amida butsu "the sacred name Amida Buddha!"
b. Genshin's (942-1017) The Essentials of Salvation
c. Honen's (1133-1212) Senchakushu, or Exclusive Nembutsu Practice
d. Shinran's (1173-1262) Jodo shinshu, or "True Pure Land Teachings"
i. emphasis on tariki "other power" (grace) rather than jiriki "self-power" (works)
ii. reliance on tariki means "natural" (jinen), "do-nothing" (mu'i) approach to salvation
2. Nichiren's (1222-1282) Hokeshu, or "Lotus Teaching"
a. distinctively Japanese (even "nationalistic") form of Buddhism
b. namu myoho renge kyo, or "the sacred name of the Lotus Sutra"
c. Nichiren as a prophet of national disaster
3. Zen Buddhism (Chinese: Chan): From Mt. Hiei to the countryside
a. Eisai (1141-1215) Protection of the Nation (gokoku) and Propagation of Tea (ocha)
b. Dogen (1200-1253) Protection of the Nation, koan and zazen "sitting in meditation"
C. Ashikaga Bakufu (1136-1467)
1. Ashikaga Takauji (1305-58) founder
a. Nambokucho "Division of Imperial Court in Northern and Southern Branches"
b. 15th century Onin War: beginning of the end of the Ashikaga bakufu
2. sengoku daimyo ("Lords of Warring States Period") emerge in countryside
3. Mid-15th century degeneration into chronic civil war (gekokujo)
D. Ashikaga Literature and Culture
1. Five Mountain (Gozan) Zen Culture promoted by Ashikaga bakufu
2. Kitabatake Chikafusa's Records of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Sovereigns
a. Jinno shotoki
b. Japan as a "divine country" (shinkoku)
3. Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen Buddhism thrive
4. No drama, rock gardens, tea ceremony emerge: aesthetics of yugen
5. Kitayama culture: Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion) & Higashiyama culture: Ginkakuji (Silver Pavilion)
II. Late-16th century Reunification of Japan
A. Arrival of the Portuguese (1550s)
1. Jesuits introduction of Christianity
2. Arquebus
B. Oda Nobunaga (1543-82) & the destruction of Mt. Hiei's Enryakuji
C. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's (1536-98) "Korean Invasions"
III. The Tokugawa Period: Early-Modern Japan
A. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) and the Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
1. Destruction of the Toyotomi at the Seige of Osaka Castle (1614-15)
2. Establishment of Edo (Tokyo) as the new bakufu's "capital"
3. Laws Governing the Military Households (Buke shohatto)
4. Hereditary definition of the social order (samurai/farmers/artisans/merchants)
B. The New Intellectual Order
1. Buddhism and Shinto established forces
2. Christianity outlawed
a. "temple registration" (terauke)
b. "stepping on the icon" (fumie)
c. "underground Christians" (kakure kirishitan)
3. Neo-Confucianism the "new" religio-philosophical ingredient
a. emphasis on a relatively "rational" and "realistic" approach to self, society, and the sacred
b. conspicuous emphasis on the importance of education (gaku), learning, and advancement
c. domain-sponsored schools, private academies proliferated, & literacy rates soared
d. Noteworthy scholars
i. Fujiwara Seika (1561-1619) and Hayashi Razan (1583-1657)
ii. Yamazaki Ansai (1618-82) and "Confucianized Shinto" (Suika Shinto)
iii. Kaibara Ekken (1630-1714)
iv. Nakae Toju (1608-48) and Kumazawa Banzan (1619-91)
v. Yamaga Soko (1622-85), Ito Jinsai (1627-1705), and Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728)
vi. Arai Hakuseki (1657-1725), Miura Baien (1723-89)
4. "Nativist" Learning (kokugaku) and the "Shinto Revival"
a. Kada Azumamaro's (1669-1736) call for the establishment of a school of "national learning"
b. Kamo Mabuchi's (1697-1769) Daoistic critique of Confucian learning
c. Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) celebration of the Kojiki, Manyoshu, Tale of Genji
5. Popular culture: the "Floating World" (ukiyo) of the Genroku Period
a. ukiyo-e "pictures of the floating world"
b. geisha, kabuki, joruri, shamisen, sakeya
c. chonin bunka "culture of the townspeople"
d. jokamachi, or "castle towns," the centers
C. Late-Tokugawa Politics and Intellectual Culture
1. Dutch Learning (Rangaku) and Consciousness of the Outside World
2. Hirata Atsutane (1776-1843) mixture of rangaku astronomy and kokugaku
3. Honda Toshiaki (1744-1821)---gunpowder, shipping, & overseas empire
4. Sato Nobuhiro (1769-1850)---plan for world unification under Japanese rule
5. Ninomiya Sontoku (1787-1856)---agrarian ethic of repaying virtue (hotoku)
D. The Late-Tokugawa Period (Bakumatsu)
1. The "Foreign Problem" facing the bakufu: The Western Threat and Japanese Responses
a. The Later Mito School
i. Aizawa Seishisai's (1782-1863) New Proposals (Shinron):"revere the emperor, expel the barbarian"
ii. Sakuma Shozan's (1811-64) eclectic "Asian ethics, Western science" approach
iii. Yoshida Shoin's (1830-59) call for "direct action"
iv. Fukuzawa Yukichi's (1834-1901) promotion of foreign learning