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China Under the Manchus: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912

        I. Origins of Qing Rule

             A. Decline of Ming (1368-1644)

                  1. Internal corruption, weakness

                  2. External threats: Hideyoshi's Invasions

         3. Rise of Manchu power to the northeast

             a. Nurhaci (1559-1626) banner system

             b. Abahai (d. 1643) coined "Qing" (water radical), not Jin (metal radical)

                 i. "Ming" (moon and sun) suggested "fire" element

                 ii. Manchu familiarity with "five agents" evident

           B. Li Zicheng's (1605-45) Rebellion

                  1. 1644 Li Zicheng's forces seized Beijing

                  2. Manchus asked in to assist in defense

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II. Aspects of Early Manchu Power

    A. Strong Imperial Rule

        1. Emperor Shunzhi claimed tianming

        2. Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) consolidated Qing power

            a. southern China effectively brought under control

            b. Confucianism promoted, "sage-emperor" mystique

            c. Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) with Czarist Russia

            d. Tibet dominated, new Dalai Lama appointed

            e. "Rites Controversy" decided

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   3. Yongzheng (r. 1722-36) "secret memorial system"

    4. Qianlong (r. 1736-99)

         a. China at its pinnacle in early 18th century

              i. Xinjiang "New Territories" incorporated

              ii. Four Treasuries of Chinese Literature compiled

              iii. population had tripled by 1790, to 300 million

          b. trade problems with Britain crystalizing

B. Dyarchic structure 

     1. Manchu -- Chinese tensions throughout

      2. Chinese queue required of men

C. Chinese opposition driven southward

III. Trade Problems with the West

      A. Portuguese first established contact, 1514

          1. Macao emerged as of 1557 as Portuguese center

          2. Macao later developed as European center of trade

B. Qing Foreign Relations with the West

     1. Tribute System unacceptable to
              post-industrial revolution Westerners

     2. Canton System initiated in Guangdong
              to manage relations

3. British tea, silk, porcelan trade

     a. British trade deficits in tea 

         i. Macartney Mission of 1793---Qianlong's Reply

         ii. Amherst Mission of 1816

     b. Triangular trade between India, China, Britain

         i. deficits corrected by opium exports

         ii. early Qing tolerance, later aggressive opposition

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