I. Late-Cultural Revolution International Arena

A. Lin Biao declared 3rd world would strangle the West

B. but revolutionary rhetoric only masked PRC impotence

C. Mao worried about Soviet troop buildup along border

D. US involvement in Vietnam War winding down by 1970

E. UN seat & Security Council vote--Taiwan's since 1949

1. US advocated boycott of China

2. Taiwan a strong US ally since Korean War

3. US-PRC relations conducted through Warsaw, Poland

A. Technocrats: Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun

1. Ministry of Petroleum Industries "Petroleum Group" 

2. lobbied for advanced US technology

3. US the leader in oil refining

4. Four Modernizations

a. industryc. science

b. national defensed. technology

B. "Gang of Four" still in power

1. Zhang Chunqiao, Chairman of Shanghai Revolu. Comm.

2. Wang Hongren, Shanghai textile worker named to Standing Committee of the Politburo in 1973

3. Yao Wenyuan, Politburo member

4. Jiang Qing, Mao's wife

C. "Gang of Four" policies

1. continue communes of Great Leap Forward

2. "Learn from Dazhai"--Maoist model of hard work, self-reliance, heroic initiative

3. emphasized political content of art

4. barefoot doctors for health care

5. rights of Chinese peasants to higher education

D. Return of the Purged and Critiques of "Gang of Four"

1. 40 high officials who had been purged, returned to Central Committee--including Deng Xiaoping

2. "Anti-Confucius & Lin Biao" Campaign

a. First Emperor of China (Qin Shihuang) praised

b. Lin Biao called a contemporary of Confucius

3. Aug. 1973 Zhou Enlai criticized "sham Marxist political swindlers" at 10th Party Congress

E. Middle of the Roaders--Hua Guofeng

1. participated in Cultural Revolution

2. but later investigated Lin Biao's assassination attemp

3. reaffirmed Great Leap Forward, communes, etc

4. but accepted four modernizations of technocrats

F. Mao--advanced Parkinson's Disease; Zhou Enlai--cancer

A. PRC: Oct. 1970 Edgar Snow invited for PRC 21st Anniv.

B. Foreign Policy of Pres. Richard Nixon's Administration

1. Henry Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Advisor

2. Dec. 1970 behind-the-scenes communications

3. April 1971 US table-tennis team invited to PRC

4. July 1971 Kissinger met Zhou Enlai in China

a. Nixon's visit planned

b. US ended trade boycott of China

5. July 15, 1971 Nixon announced China visit would occur before May of 1972

6. Oct. 1971 UN granted PRC a seat; Taiwan expelled

IV. The Nixon Visit

A. Feb. 21, 1972 Nixon's arrival in Beijing (no crowds)

B. Shanghai Joint Communique Feb. 28, 1972

1. US statements

a. US role not "intervention" in Vietnam

b. commitment to individual freedom restated

c. support for South Korea reaffirmed

d. only one China, and Taiwan is a part of it

e. pledged peaceful settlement to China issue

f. reduction and withdrawal of military forces

2. PRC statements

a. wherever there is oppression, resistance

b. foreign troops should be returned

c. Korea should be unified by the North Koreans

d. PRC the sole legitimate govt. of China

e. US recognition of Taiwan obstructs PRC relations

f. liberation of Taiwan an internal issue

3. desirability of people-to-people exchanges in science, technology, sports, trade