I. Japanese Expansion into China

          A. September 1931 Mukden Incident--Manchukuo

          B. 1934 Japan got Soviet interest in Chin. Eastern Railway

          C. 1932-34 Japan seized territory bordering on Manchuria

          D. 1935 Japan attempted to detach Hebei from Nanjing control

                   (Shansi, Suiyuan, and Shandong also threatened)

          E. KMT Response

                   1. trade space for time to build military power

                   2. "Unity before resistance," i.e., eliminate CCP first

II. The KMT Extermination Campaigns

          A. 1930-34 KMT's 1st-4th "extermination campaigns"

                   1. sought to eradicate Jinggangshan (Chingkangshan) base

                             a. by 1933 supposedly 1000 soviets in Jiangxi Prov.

                             b. unemploy., opium, prostitution, child slavery, compulsory marriage eliminated

                   2. Oct 1933 Nanjing mobilized 5th exterm. campaign

                             a. Chiang led 900,000 troops against Jinggangshan

                             b. strategy: entrap and bomb

                             c. planned by German advisors to KMT

III. The Long March--began Oct. 16, 1934-ended Oct. 20, 1935

          A. Mao emerged as great leader--Comintern influ. diminished

          B. Zhu De (Chu Teh; 1886-1976)

                   1. peasant birth (Sichuan); attended Yunnan Mil. Acad.

                   2. 1911 participant in overthrow of Qing dynasty

                   3. 1922 studied at Univ. of Gottingen (Germany)--joined Communist Party

                   4. 1926 expelled from Germany for political activities

                   5. joined KMT army, but involved in Autumn Harvest (1927) uprisings against KMT

                   6. retreated to Jinggangshan--formed the 4th Red Army

                   7. considered the founder of "Red Army"

          C. Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai; 1898-1976)

                   1. gentry family in Jiangsu Province

                   2. studied in Japan (1917-1919)

                   3. returned for May 4th demonstrations (1919)

                   4. jailed in 1920 for student agitation

                   5. travelled to France (1920-24), joined Comm. Party

                   6. 1924 deputy director of polit. dept. of Whampoa Acad.

                   7. 1928 travelled to Moscow for CCP's 6th Natl. Congress

                             elected alternate member of Comintern Exec. Comm.

                   8. 1930 Zhou addressed 16th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 

 -- by Comintern invitation

                   10. Jan. 1935 Zunyi (Tsunyi) Conference--

                        Mao became political commissar of the Red Army (Zhou's old office)

                   11. 1935-45 Zhou served as CCP's chief negotiator

                             a. Zhou helped obtain Chiang's release from Xian

                             b. 1945 Zhou negotiated postwar settlement with KMT in Qongqing

                   12. premier of PRC from its founding in Oct. 1949

          D. Liu Shaoqi (Liu Shao-ch'i; 1898-1969)

                   1. born in Hunan Province, son of a rich peasant

                   2. 1920 studied in Moscow; 1922-27 organized labor

                   3. late-1932 joined Mao's Jinggangshan base

                   4. left Long March to agitate in Beijing against Japanese

                   5. 1939 Yanan (Yenan) lectures: "How to be a Good "Communist" 

         a. labor leadership 

                   6. July 1941 "On Intraparty Struggles"

                   7. theoretical spokesman for CCP

                   8. Oct. 1949, became Vice-Chairman of PRC

          E. Lin Biao (Lin Piao; 1907-1971)

                   1. son of small landlord in Hubei Province

                   2. 1925 joined Socialist Youth League

                   3. enrolled in Whampoa Military Academy in 1925

                             a. rose quickly during Northern Expedition

                             b. with KMT attacks on CCP, Lin quit KMT army

                   4. 1928 joined Mao's Jinggangshan base (21 yrs old)

                             a. commander of Red Army's First Army

                             b. led vanguard of Long March (28 yrs old)

                   5. wounded in 1938---Lin's military career halted

                   6. post-WWII, Lin commanded CCP Manchuria forces

                             a. 1948 Lin controlled Manchuria & 800,000 troops

                             b. Jan. 1949, Lin captured Beijing

          F. Peng Dehuai (P'eng Te-huai; 1898-1974)

                   1. born of peasant stock in Hunan Province

                   2. military commander under Chiang, but quit in 1927

                   3. 1928 Peng turned Communist, led peasant uprisings

                   4. joined Jinggangshan forces

                   5. became Minister of National Defense after 1949

IV. The United Front Strategy and the Xian Incident

          A. CCP calls for KMT-CCP coalition, this time to fight Japan

                   1. proclaimed: "Chinese don't fight Chinese"

                   2. Japan viewed as the mortal threat

          B. Chiang Kaishek Refused--Zhang Xueliang ordered to attack

          C. Dec. 1936 Chiang flew to Sian to oversee war against CCP

          D. Zhang detained ("kidnapped") Chiang on Dec. 12

          E. Release tied to revival of United Front strategy

                   1. Soviet Union backed Chiang, opposed Zhang-CCP

                             a. Chinese believed Chiang the only real leader

                             b. Soviets needed a united China fighting Japan

                   2. Zhou Enlai flew to Sian to negotiate a compromise

                   3. Dec. 25, 1936 Chiang Kaishek freed

          F. Sept. 1937 KMT published CCP pledge:

                   1. to strive for Sun Yatsen's Three Principles

                   2. to abandon armed revolt, land confiscation

                   3. to abolish soviet govt established November 7, 1931

                   4. to place Communist troops under KMT control