A. Mao and Stalin
B. 1956 Nikita Khrushchev--20th
Soviet Party Congress
1. Stalin denounced
before delegates
2. Zhu De had just praised
Stalin in another speech
3. "de-Stalinization"
campaign caused tensions
4.
Mao still praised Stalin as a "Great Revolutionary"
C. Nov. 1957 Mao's 2nd Visit
to the USSR
1. Sputniks and
ICBM--USSR scientific, technological, and
military advances created impression of superiority
2. Mao: Soviets promised
"a sample atomic bomb" and
technical information in their 1957 Secret Agreement
3. Mao's propaganda proclamations
a. "East
Wind prevails over the West wind"
b. China would triumph
in a nuclear war
D. Khrushchev denied Mao's
account of 1957 Secret Agreement
1. called for
Leninist principle of peaceful coexistence
2. reminded Chinese of
Bandung Conference
3. declared principle
of "inevitable war" obsolete
A. Mao proclaims
faith in "Permanent Revolution" (Jan. 1958)
1. similar to
Leon Trotsky's "Permanent Revolution"
2. expects "Red &
Expert" from PRC--ideology &
technology
3. "Great Leap Forward"
a Maoist strategy of economic,
agricultural, and industrial progress
a. gaps
between urban & rural, peasants and
bureaucrats, masses and elite to be eliminated
b. "backyard furnaces"
for peasantry; factory
workers to plant crops in available farmland
c. Mao's Mass-line:
learn from the Masses and
return to them to teach
d. Mao celebrated
the poverty and blankness of
peasants, to make new, selfless Socialist people
B. Agricultural Producers'
Cooperatives formed in mid-1950's
1. 20-30 families
pooled labor & land to max. efficiency
2. rural peasantry organized
into "cooperatives" by 1956
3. increased productivity--individual
plots not efficient
C. 1958 Cooperatives merged
into "People's Communes"
1. communes averaged
4,600 households
2. supposed to increase
efficiency
D. Figures fabricated to create
the impression of success
1. mid-1959 PLA
Marshall Peng Dehuai criticized statistics
2. Mao had Peng removed
as Minister of Defense
3. admitted mistakes,
but even Confucius, Marx, and Lenin
had made mistakes
4. Mao insisted on furthering
People's Communes
5. 1959-62 20 million
deaths in famine
a. 1963
1/2 of all deaths under 10 years old
b. GLF devoured
China's youth
E. 1959 Khrushchev met Eisenhower
at Camp David
1. peaceful coexistence
affirmed
2. Khrushchev then travelled
to Beijing
F. The Break
1. Sept. 1960--all
Soviet advisors left China
2. Nov. 1960 USSR calls
for meeting of Communist parties
from 81 nations--but Mao refused to attend
3. China attacked Soviet
revisionism--encouraged violent
struggle with capitalists
4. Oct. 1961 Zhou Enlai
walked out of Congress of the Soviet
Communist Party after Khrushchev attacked Stalin